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A bachelor's degree (from Middle Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded via of|by virtue of} colleges also universities upon end regarding a road regarding study lasting three to seven years (depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} establishment also academic discipline). In some institutions also educational systems, some bachelor's degrees can single exist pleased just as that} graduate or postgraduate degrees at the following a opening degree has been completed. In countries accompanied by qualifications frameworks, bachelor's degrees are commonly one regarding the significant levels in the order (sometimes two levels where non-honours also honours bachelor's degrees are considered separately), even if some qualifications titled bachelor's degrees may exist at new levels (e.g., MBBS) also some qualifications accompanied by non-bachelor's titles may exist classified just as that} bachelor's degrees (e.g. the Scottish MA also Canadian MD).
The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, who was too youthful or poor to gather vassals under his individual banner. By the ending regarding the 13th century, it was and worn via of|by virtue of} junior members regarding guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the name baccalaureus came to exist associated accompanied by bacca lauri ("laurel berry") in reference to laurels body awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} university success or honours.[1]
Under the British system, also those influenced via of|by virtue of} it, undergraduate university degrees are differentiated amidst honours degrees (sometimes denoted via of|by virtue of} the addition regarding "(Hons)" at the subsequent to the degree abbreviation) also non-honours degrees (known variously just as that} pass degrees, ordinary degrees or general degrees).[2]
An honours degree mainly requires a higher university calibre than a pass degree, also in some systems an additional twelve month period regarding study on the far side of the non-honours bachelor's. Some countries, such just as that} Australia, New Zealand also Canada, have a postgraduate "bachelor accompanied by honours" degree. This may exist pleased just as that} a succeeding university degree, ongoing summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} from the end regarding a bachelor's degree program in the alike field, or just as that} part regarding an united honours program. These programs typically depend upon end regarding a full-year expanded study thesis project.
Variations[edit]
Africa[edit]
In the majority African countries, the university systems accompany the miniature regarding their former colonizing power. For example, the Nigerian university system is corresponding to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French.
Algeria[edit]
Bachelor's degrees in Algerian universities are called "الليسانس" in Arabic or la licence in French; the degree commonly takes three years to absolute also is a part regarding the LMD ("license", "master", "doctorate") reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in opposed fields regarding study at the subsequent to having obtained their baccalauréat (the public minor training test). The degree is typically identical to the program regarding France's universities, just as that} specified in the LMD reform. Bachelor's degree programs cover the majority regarding the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such just as that} Medicine also Pharmaceutical Science.
Botswana[edit]
Bachelor's degrees at the University regarding Botswana commonly grip well years. The system draws summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} both British also American models. Degrees are classified just as that} First Class, Second Class Division One (2:1), Second Class Division Two (2:2) also Third just as that} in English degrees, but requiring body described just as that} honours. The prime degrees are called via of|by virtue of} British tradition (Arts, Science, Law, etc.), but in recent years there have been a character regarding degrees called at the following special subjects, such just as that} Bachelor regarding Library also Information.
Morocco[edit]
In Morocco, a bachelor's degree is referred to just as that} al-ʾijāzah (Arabic, French: licence). The road regarding study takes three years, which are more divided into two cycles. The opening series of events comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year. After successfully completing their opening two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization (études fondamentales) or trained specialization (études professionnelles). The following series of events is one twelve month period at the end of whose end students receive the licence d'études fondamentales or the licence professionnelle.[3] This university degree system was introduced in September 2003.[4]
Nigeria[edit]
University admission is extremely competitive, accompanied by attendant advantages also disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes well to five years to absolute a bachelor's degree. In cases regarding poor performance, the term limit is doubled the calibre amount regarding time. For example, one may not study intended the needs of|on behalf of} additional than 10 years intended the needs of|on behalf of} a five-year course. Students are commonly asked to leave if they essential grip longer. Nigerian universities hold out to B.Sc., B.Tech. (usually from Universities regarding Technology), B.Arch. (six years), also new detailed undergraduate degrees, such just as that} B.Eng. Science undergraduate degrees may depend upon six months or a semester devoted to SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme) but it is commonly mandatory intended the needs of|on behalf of} the total engineering degrees. A semester intended the needs of|on behalf of} project work/thesis is required, not excluding road work, during the bachelor thesis in the last year. The classifications regarding degrees: first-class, second-class (upper also lower), third-class (with honours; i.e., B.Sc. (Hons)) also a pass (no honours). First- also second-class graduates are immediately fit intended the needs of|on behalf of} modern postgraduate degrees (i.e., M.Sc. also Ph.D.), but new classes may exist required intended the needs of|on behalf of} an additional postgraduate certificate earlier than such eligibility.[5]
Furthermore, the total graduating students are obliged to carry out the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) requirement, which commonly takes one year, at the following which they are fit to pursue higher degrees. The NYSC is a paramilitary facility that involves students' body posted to opposed parts regarding the state to serve in miscellaneous capacities. Principal objectives regarding the NYSC are to create public cohesion, cheer students to seek their obtained intelligence to solving problems regarding rural Nigeria, also others. The NYSC was traditional via of|by virtue of} constitution at the following the Nigerian Civil War.[6]
Polytechnical schools (polytechnics) in Nigeria are not considered universities. They are mandated to educate technicians regarding soaring calibre; they hold out to the OND (ordinary public diploma) also the HND (higher public diploma). The polytechnics centre greatly strongly summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} efficient specialist training. The B.Sc. also HND are compared in engineering circles, but there are important differences in instruction philosophies.
Honours degrees in Nigeria are differentiated single summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the basis regarding performance. Honours degrees involve the first-class degree, second-class degrees (upper also lower) also the third-class degree, but not the pass. All university students essential carry out an independent study project which applies the intelligence obtained during the earlier years regarding study.
The project do business essential exist submitted in the semester earlier than graduation also commonly takes a important character regarding points. Further road do business is not precluded during the project work, but the courses are fewer also are at an modern level. Project do business is orally defended earlier than the capability also earlier than peers. In the sciences also engineering a demonstration regarding the project is commonly required. The exceptions are theoretical work, intended the needs of|on behalf of} which a media project is required.
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, an honours degree is an additional postgraduate qualification in the alike area just as that} the undergraduate major, also requires at least one more twelve month period regarding study just as that} well just as that} a study report.
Tunisia[edit]
In Tunisia, a bachelor's degree is referred to just as that} al-ʾijāzah in Arabic, or la license in French; the degree takes three years to absolute also is a part regarding the LMD (license, master, doctorat) reform, students can enroll in a bachelor's degree program in opposed fields regarding study at the end of having obtained their baccalauréat (the public minor training test). The degree is typically identical to the program regarding France's universities, just as that} specified in the LMD reform. Most universities in Tunisia hold out to the 3-year bachelor's degree, except some fields, which are Medicine, Pharmacy, Engineering, Architecture also Bachelor regarding Science in Business Administration, only offered via of|by virtue of} Tunis Business School also lasts 4 years.[7]
Kenya[edit]
In Kenya, university training is supported via of|by virtue of} the government,.[8] A bachelor's degree is awarded to students who successfully absolute a three to seven-year road depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the area regarding study. For the majority degree programs, a study project also an internship period at the following which a announce is written via of|by virtue of} the student is a essential earlier than the student is allowed to graduate. In 2012, a character regarding select colleges were upgraded to university degree in a bid to increase the intake regarding students into degree programs.[9]
Asia[edit]
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, universities also colleges give three- also four-year degrees (three-year degrees courses are called pass courses also four-year degree courses are called honours courses) in science also industry (B.Sc., B.B.S., B.B.A., four-year also three months[clarification needed], etc.) also three- also four-year degrees in arts (B.A., B.S.S., etc.). Engineering universities provide four-year degree programs intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor's degree courses regarding study (B.Sc. in Eng also B.Sc.). Medical colleges have five-year degree programmes (MBBS, BDS). In constitution training there is a two-year LL.B. degree at the following completing three years in a B.A. program intended the needs of|on behalf of} a sum regarding five years regarding study. There is and a four-year LL.B. honours degree. The Bachelor regarding Architecture (B.Arch.) also Bachelor regarding Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) are professional degrees awarded to students who absolute a five-year road regarding study in the field at some universities. All regarding these programs proceed at the end of achieving the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC—in sum 12 years regarding academy education).
China[edit]
Since the undergraduate education system in China is modeled at the subsequent to its American counterpart, the total the degrees are adapted from those regarding the United States excepting the release regarding the degree certificate. Once a student has fulfilled his/her road requirements, a pass document aim exist given. In order to wax the degree, a student essential complete also pass the dissertation stage; single at that moment aim he or she exist awarded a degree credentialed via of|by virtue of} the Ministry regarding Education regarding the People's Republic regarding China. Four years regarding training is the calibre length, even if some private small colleges not credentialed via of|by virtue of} the Ministry regarding Education carry out hold out to three-year programs. Normally, regarding 90% regarding graduates are experienced to gain a degree; however, no degree is awarded accompanied by merit or honor. It is and referred to just as that} a "Xueshi" (学士).
Fiji[edit]
The colonial link also the establishment regarding the University regarding the South Pacific in 1968 allowed the training system to accompany outfit from the qualification system regarding the Commonwealth. University regarding the South Pacific is the single university in the Oceania region to exist internationally recognized outside Australia also New Zealand accompanied by its bachelor's also new awards program. It is and the highest ranked in the university premier in the island region also and ranked above some Australian universities same as the University regarding Canberra, University regarding Sunshine Coast also New Zealand universities same as Lincoln University also Waikato Institute regarding Technology.[10]
India[edit]
Bachelor's degrees in India commonly grip 3 years regarding study to complete, even if courses same as B.E./B.Tech. or MBBS grip longer. A BE/BTech commonly takes 4 years, while an MBBS commonly takes 5 years to complete. Most regarding the Science, Commerce, also Arts degrees are honours degrees accompanied by electives chosen via of|by virtue of} the student.
Common bachelor's degrees also abbreviations:
- Bachelor regarding Arts: BA
- Bachelor regarding Business Administration: BBA
- Bachelor regarding Science: BSc
- Bachelor regarding Commerce: Bcom
- Bachelor regarding Computer Applications: BCA
- Bachelor regarding Laws: LLB
- Bachelor regarding Engineering: BE
- Bachelor regarding Technology: BTech
- Bachelor regarding Education: BEd (BEd degrees are offered at the end of end regarding a 3-year undergraduate coursework.)
- Bachelor regarding Medicine, Bachelor regarding Surgery: MBBS
For university grading system in India, deliver to this page.
Students commonly proceed their Bachelor's at the following completing their Secondary School coursework(also known just as that} +2) from a state or private board.
Iran[edit]
In Iran, students can study opposed undergraduate or postgraduate courses leading to a BSc or an MSc that is recognised also equivalent to corresponding qualifications given in new countries. There are firstly two significant sort regarding universities in Iran, public universities also non-public universities. Most regarding non-public universities in Iran are part regarding Islamic Azad University, which have branches in the total cities through Iran. In Iran, the public universities have considerably higher standing than the non-public ones also getting an admittance to one regarding them is additional difficult. Students can and provide well years regarding training leading to a B.Sc.
Indonesia[edit]
In Indonesia, the majority regarding the current bachelor's degrees are domain-specific degrees. Therefore, there are probably additional than 20 bachelor's degrees. For instance, S.Psi intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Psikologi (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Psychology/B.Psy., B.A."), S.T. intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Teknik (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Engineering"), S.Si. intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Sains (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Science"), S.Farm intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Farmasi (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Pharmacy"), S.E intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Ekonomi (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Economy"), S.Kom. intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Ilmu Komputer (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Computer Science"), or S.Sos. intended the needs of|on behalf of} Sarjana Ilmu Sosial (literally translated just as that} "Bachelor regarding Social Sciences"). In the past, the Indonesian university system adopted the getting on European/western degrees, such just as that} the Ir (insinyur from Dutch ingenieur) intended the needs of|on behalf of} an engineering degree also the common university degree (doktorandus from Dutch also ultimately Latin doctorandus) intended the needs of|on behalf of} a degree in either social or valid sciences.
Jordan[edit]
Since the undergraduate education system in Jordan is modeled at the subsequent to its American counterpart, the total the degrees are adapted from those regarding the United States excepting the release regarding the degree certificate. Once a student has fulfilled his/her road requirements, a pass document aim exist given. In order to wax the degree, a student essential complete also pass the dissertation stage; single at that moment aim he or she exist awarded a degree credentialed via of|by virtue of} the Ministry regarding Higher Education regarding the Hashemite Kingdom regarding Jordan. Four years regarding training is the calibre length.
Nepal[edit]
In Nepal, the bachelor's degree was initially a three-year program intended the needs of|on behalf of} courses same as Bachelor regarding Business Studies (B.B.S.), Bachelor regarding Sciences (B.Sc.)., Bachelor regarding Education (B.Ed.), Bachelor regarding Arts (B.A.) from Tribhuvan University, Pokhara University, Purbanchal University also Kathmandu University but at the moment it is chiefly a four-year program intended the needs of|on behalf of} modern courses same as Bachelor regarding Business Administration (B.B.A.), Bachelor regarding Business Information System (B.B.I.S.), Bachelor regarding Information Management (B.I.M.), Bachelor regarding Engineering (B.E.), Bachelor regarding Science in Computer Studies also Information Technology (B.Sc).C.S.I.T. Some bachelor's programs are still three years long, such just as that} the Bachelor regarding Arts (B.A) also Bachelor regarding Education (B.Ed). It is completed at the end of 10+2 degree (High School) or Diploma or any new equivalent degree regarding studies. Bachelor regarding Business Administration (B.B.A), Bachelor regarding Information Management (B.I.M.), Bachelor regarding Business Information Systems (B.B.I.S.), Bachelor regarding Engineering, also Bachelor regarding Science in Computer Science also Information Technology (B.Sc.C.S.I.T.) are a not many popular bachelor's degree programs. B.Sc. also B.B.Sc. have recently turned into four-year programs from three-year programs. In Nepal, Tribhuvan University just as that} an oldest also biggest University based summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} character regarding student also university department, Kathmandu University, Purbanchal University, Pokhara University, Nepal Sanskrit University also new modern regional universities are operating currently. M.B.A. also B.B.A. from the total universities are examined underneath the system regarding percentage also G.P.A, also conventional university courses are accessed summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} dividing base same as pass division, following division, opening dividing also distinction. In Nepal, there is of road not top up, honors also exchange or joint tie up degree courses authorized also practiced via of|by virtue of} Nepalese Government also new educational institutions, but today, affiliation accompanied by overseas universities, online also distance learning are popular accompanied by the youthful recent working population. M.B.A., B.B.A., B. Pharmacy, B. Sc. Nursing, Bachelor regarding Nursing (B.N.), B. E. are in soaring trained demand in Nepalese market. For admission in a University, a compulsory admission try given via of|by virtue of} the individual University is to exist passed via of|by virtue of} a student in order to wax location in an affiliated college regarding that University intended the needs of|on behalf of} the special subject category. In the test, a unconnected ration is and awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} females also disadvantaged groups to create diversity also equality.
Malaysia[edit]
Institutes regarding higher learning in Malaysia provide three or well years regarding training leading to a B.Sc. Hons Degree. The standards regarding categorization is nearly consistent among Malaysian Universities. Candidates who excel in their university results aim exist awarded a First Class Bachelor Hons Degree (usually 3.67 CGPA also above), followed via of|by virtue of} Class Second Upper (usually amidst 3.00–3.66 CGPA), Class Second Lower (usually 2.50–2.99 CGPA), Class Three (usually 2.00–2.49 CGPA) also General Degree (Without Honours), intended the needs of|on behalf of} commonly 1.99 also below CGPA candidates.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, arts, commerce, also body regarding knowledge colleges provide four-year bachelor's degrees (BA, BSc, BBA, BCom, etc.). Generally these programs are regarding well years term just as that} elsewhere in the world also proceed at the subsequent to completing higher minor academy training via of|by virtue of} receiving a Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC) acknowledging one's twelve years regarding study via of|by virtue of} the individual board. After victorious end regarding these programs, a bachelor's degree is awarded via of|by virtue of} the individual university. Engineering also medical colleges provide four- also five-year degree programs, respectively, intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor's degrees (BE/BS/BSc Engg also MBBS) that and proceed at the subsequent to higher minor academy twelve month period 12. The Bachelor regarding Architecture (BArch) degree program is regarding five years' duration.
Philippines[edit]
In the Philippines, where the term "course" is commonly worn to deliver to a bachelor's degree major, road regarding study or program, several undergraduate categories exist—the two the majority common degrees awarded body Bachelor regarding Science (B.Sc.) also Bachelor regarding Arts (B.A. or A.B.). Specializations ("majors") in economics, industry administration, social work, agriculture, nursing, accountancy, building also engineering are offered just as that} B.S. degrees in the majority colleges also universities. The latter three specializations depend upon five years regarding schooling, in contrast to the calibre regarding well years. Other common degrees are Bachelor in Education (B.Ed.) also Bachelor regarding Laws (LL.B., a trained degree). Being patterned at the following the United States, the total universities also colleges hold out to graduation accompanied by honors—cum laude, magna cum laude, also summa cum laude.
Republic regarding Korea[edit]
Universities, colleges, also institutions regarding higher learning provide the bachelor's degree, called 'haksa' (Korean: 학사). For example, a university student who majored in literature also graduates obtains a B.A., called 'munhaksa' (Korean: 문학사). Even if he or she does not advance to an establishment regarding higher learning, a being can wax a bachelor's degree through the Bachelor's Degree Examination intended the needs of|on behalf of} Self-Education.
Sri Lanka[edit]
Recognised institutes regarding higher learning single are authorised to give degrees in Sri Lanka. Three years full-time bachelor's degree requiring an area regarding specialization is known just as that} a public degree. A degree accompanied by a specialization (in accounting, chemistry, plant biotechnology, zoology, physics, engineering, IT, law, etc.) is known just as that} an honours degree also requires well years (120 credits or more) regarding study also additional entrance qualifications. A degree in medicine, an M.B.B.Sc., requires a minimum regarding six years.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, a "bachelor degree"[11] is commonly a three to four-year program, leading to a qualification at degree 7 regarding the Australian Qualifications Framework.[12] Entry to a character regarding professions, such just as that} constitution system also teaching, depend upon a bachelor's degree (a 'professional' degree). Other degrees, such just as that} Bachelor regarding Arts don't necessarily elicit admittance into a profession, despite the fact that numerous organisations depend upon a bachelor's degree intended the needs of|on behalf of} employment.
A one-year postgraduate bachelor honours degree at can exist achieved just as that} a succeeding stand-alone road subsequent a bachelor's degree in the alike field, or just as that} an additional twelve month period just as that} part regarding a bachelor's degree program.[12] The honours road is commonly single open to those who carry out well in their bachelor's degree program also involves study at a additional modern degree than that bachelor's degree.[13] Both the bachelor also bachelor honours degrees are aligned accompanied by degree 6 regarding the EQF, the alike just as that} British also Irish bachelor's degrees accompanied by also requiring honours, also new Bologna Process opening series of events qualifications.[14]
Some bachelor's degrees (e.g. engineering also situation science) involve an united honours degree just as that} part regarding a four-year program. Honours is mainly intended the needs of|on behalf of} students who long for to grip up a study path intended the needs of|on behalf of} postgraduate studies, also more and more intended the needs of|on behalf of} those who long for an extra edge in the job market. Marking scales intended the needs of|on behalf of} Honours differ; generally, First Class Honours (85–100%) denotes an great calibre regarding achievement; Second Class Division 1 (75–84%) a soaring standard; Second Class Division 2 (65–74%) a good standard; Third Class (50–64%) satisfactory standard; a last stain below 50% is a fail regarding the course.
Bachelor honours degrees involve a significant Independent study component, allowing students to develop skills that aim enable them to proceed to more study or to do business in study roles in industry.[15] First-class or second-class (upper division) honours are mainly required intended the needs of|on behalf of} admittance into doctoral programs (e.g. PhDs, etc.); an option route to doctoral study is by way of of} a "masters degree".[16][17]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, single recognised institutions—usually universities also polytechnics—have degree-awarding powers.
Most bachelor's degrees are three years full-time, but certain degrees, such just as that} the Bachelor regarding Laws also the Bachelor regarding Engineering degrees, depend upon well years regarding study. A Bachelor accompanied by Honours is a program regarding well years term (e.g., Bachelor regarding Arts accompanied by Honours). A Bachelor regarding Medicine degree requires a minimum regarding six years.
Where students opt to study two bachelor's degrees simultaneously—referred to just as that} a "conjoint degree" or "double degree"—an extra twelve month period regarding study is added. The character regarding years regarding study required is determined based summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the degree accompanied by the greatest character regarding years. For example, a B.Com. degree requires three years regarding full-time study, but a doubled B.Com.–LL.B. degree aim depend upon five years regarding full-time study since the LL.B. degree is well years long. Exceptional students may pick to absolute a degree in a shorter amount regarding term via of|by virtue of} taking summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} extra courses, commonly accompanied by the second regarding summer school. Students who absolute a doubled degree program aim have two unconnected bachelor's degrees at the ending regarding their studies.
Consistently high-performing students may and exist invited to absolute the 'honours' program. The Bachelor accompanied by Honours commonly requires an extra twelve month period regarding study accompanied by an extra honours thesis/dissertation. This degree is considered to fall amidst the bachelor's also master's levels summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the European Qualifications Framework.[18] An honours give is indicated via of|by virtue of} the addition regarding "Hons." to the degree nickname or abbreviation (for example, "Bachelor regarding Laws (Hons.)"). Some honours degree courses and hold out to a postgraduate diploma (PGDip) just as that} an exit qualification, which often consists regarding the alike workload but accompanied by other flexibility. A PGDip does not commonly depend upon a dissertation. However, the student may absolute one if desired. A certificate give is indicated via of|by virtue of} "PGDip" also the degree field (for example, "PGDipArts" or "PGDipScience".
The Americas[edit]
Usually the region presents Associates, Bachelor's, Master's, doctoral, also postdoctoral degrees.
Canada[edit]
Education in Canada is governed independently via of|by virtue of} every one province also territory, nevertheless a common order intended the needs of|on behalf of} degrees was agreed via of|by virtue of} the Council regarding Ministers regarding Education, Canada in 2007. This adopted descriptors intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor's, master's also doctoral degrees that were consciously corresponding to those defined via of|by virtue of} the Bologna Process.[19]
Under the framework, well public forms regarding bachelor's degree are defined: public programs providing a broad training also preparing graduates intended the needs of|on behalf of} graduate-entry trained programs or employment generally; in-depth university programs in a special subject that prepare graduates intended the needs of|on behalf of} postgraduate study in the field or employment generally; applied programs that concentrate summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} a mastery regarding system preferably than knowledge; also trained programs, often (but not exclusively) graduate-entry, that prepare graduates to system just as that} professionals in a special field. This previous grouping included graduate-entry degrees titled just as that} if they were doctorates, such just as that} MD, JD also DDS degrees – even with their names, these are considered bachelor's degrees.[19]
Bachelor's degrees may grip either three or well years to absolute also are awarded via of|by virtue of} colleges also universities. In numerous universities also colleges bachelor's degrees are differentiated either just as that} bachelor's or just as that} honours bachelor's degrees. The term "Honours" is an university distinction, which indicates that students essential achieve their bachelor's degree accompanied by a sufficiently soaring overall order essence average; in addition, some programs may depend upon additional training than non-honours programs. The honours degrees are at times designated accompanied by the abbreviation in brackets regarding '(Hon(s))'.
Going back in history, the Bachelor accompanied by Honours (Latin baccalaureatus cum honore, French baccalauréat spécialisé) was traditionally pleased just as that} the highest undergraduate degree. The program requires at least 4 years regarding studies, accompanied by strong emphasis summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the research-based Honours Seminar Thesis which is considered approximately equivalent to a formal master's thesis. Universities show the academic degree just as that} well just as that} the feasible honours contrast (Latin honors) summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the Diploma (e.g., "BACCALAUREATUS ARTIUM CUM HONORE ... CUM LAUDE").
In Quebec, students have to advance through a minimum regarding two years regarding college earlier than entering, intended the needs of|on behalf of} example, a three-year Bachelor regarding Science (B.Sc.) or a four-year Bachelor regarding Engineering (B.Eng.) program. As a consequence, there is no de jure "honors degree" (although some universities market some regarding their programs just as that} body de facto honors degrees in their English-language materials[citation needed]), but there are some specializations called "concentrations" in French, which are chiefly pleased just as that} optional courses.
In the province regarding Ontario, the enormous majority regarding bachelor's degrees offered via of|by virtue of} Ontario universities are university in nature. On the new hand, Ontario provincial legislation requires bachelor's degrees offered via of|by virtue of} Ontario colleges to exist applied also vocationally-focused.[20]
United States[edit]
Bachelor's degrees in the United States are typically designed to exist completed in well years regarding full-time study, even if some programs (such just as that} engineering or architecture)[21] commonly grip five, also some universities also colleges allow ambitious students (usually accompanied by the second regarding summer school, who are taking numerous classes every one semester or who have in existence recognition from soaring academy Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate road exams) to absolute them in just as that} small just as that} three years. Some US colleges also universities have a unconnected university path known just as that} an "honors" or "scholars" program, mainly offered to the top percentile regarding students (based summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} GPA), that offers additional challenging courses or additional individually directed seminars or study projects in lieu regarding the calibre core curriculum. Those students are awarded the alike bachelor's degree just as that} students completing the calibre curriculum but accompanied by the characters in cursu honorum summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the transcript also the diploma. Usually, the above Latin honors are unconnected from the characters intended the needs of|on behalf of} this honors course, but a student in the honors road mainly essential maintain grades worthy regarding at least the cum laude characters anyway.[22] Hence, a pass ability receive a certificate Artium Baccalaureatum rite or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in the regular road or Artium Baccalaureatum summa cum laude in cursu honorum in the honors course.
If the student has completed the requirements intended the needs of|on behalf of} an honors degree single in a particular authority (e.g., English dialect also literature), the degree is designated accordingly (e.g., B.A. accompanied by Honors in English). In this case, the degree contender aim absolute the usual curriculum intended the needs of|on behalf of} the total subjects except the selected authority ("English," in the previous example). The requirements in either circumstance(s) commonly depend upon end regarding particular honors seminars, independent study at a degree higher than commonly required (often accompanied by greater personal supervision via of|by virtue of} capability than usual), also a written honors thesis in the significant subject.
Many universities also colleges in the United States give bachelor's degrees accompanied by Latin honors, commonly (in ascending order) cum laude ("with honor/praise"), magna cum laude ("with great honor/praise"), summa cum laude ("with highest honor/praise"), also the sometimes seen maxima cum laude ("with maximal honor/praise"). Requirements intended the needs of|on behalf of} such notations regarding honors mainly involve minimum grade essence averages (GPA), accompanied by the highest normal required intended the needs of|on behalf of} the summa contrast (or maxima, when that contrast is present). In the circumstance(s) regarding some schools, such just as that} Bates College, Carleton College, Colby College, Middlebury College, Guilford College, Franklin College Switzerland, also larger universities same as the University regarding Virginia, Princeton University, North Carolina State University, University regarding Massachusetts Amherst, a senior thesis intended the needs of|on behalf of} degrees in the humanities or laboratory research intended the needs of|on behalf of} natural science (and occasionally social science) degrees is and required. Five notable exceptions are Reed College, Massachusetts Institute regarding Technology, The Evergreen State College, Sarah Lawrence College, also Bennington College, which carry out not have deans' lists, Latin honors recognitions, or undergraduate honors programs or subjects.
Mexico[edit]
Bachelor's degrees may grip an normal regarding five years (from well to five years) to absolute depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the road load also the program also they are awarded via of|by virtue of} colleges also universities. Medicine is from 6 to 7 years. Each college has its individual curriculum also requirements accompanied by an emphasis regarding their choice, governed independently via of|by virtue of} every one state regarding the republic. After finishing the total the subjects the student depend upon a last work, which process the end regarding particular honors seminars, study also development or a written thesis in a particular field. Mexico's regulations traditional just as that} an obligation in order to receive their commission also label the fulfillment regarding a "Social Service" to the power (usually intended the needs of|on behalf of} those who completed their studies in a public institution) just as that} a payment to society in the form regarding social actions, the benefits, just as that} students, were received during training. This necessity takes regarding six months to one twelve month period depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the sort regarding degree. Bachelor's degree should not exist falsely joint accompanied by its Spanish cognate "Bachiller", which term a must intended the needs of|on behalf of} matriculate in a occupation or bachelor studies. The authorized nickname intended the needs of|on behalf of} a bachelor's degree in Mexico is "Licenciado" also such studies are referred just as that} "Licenciatura".
Bachelor's degrees should not exist confused accompanied by Engineering Degrees, where an Ingeniería is prefixed to the nickname also requieres additional courses intended the needs of|on behalf of} certification just as that} an Engineer.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, a bachelor's degree takes from three years to six years to absolute depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the road load also the program. A bachelor's degree is the label sought via of|by virtue of} Brazilians in order to exist a trained in a certain area regarding mortal knowledge. Master's also doctoral degrees are additional degrees intended the needs of|on behalf of} those seeking an university occupation or a special understanding regarding a field.
Even requiring a formal adhesion to the Bologna system, a Brazilian "bachelor's" would correspond to a European "first cycle." A Brazilian "bachelor's" takes three to six years[23] intended the needs of|on behalf of} completion, just as that} well just as that} commonly a written monograph or concluding project, in the alike way that a European bachelor's can exist completed in three to well years, at the subsequent to which term Europeans may embark summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} a one- to two-year 2nd series of events program commonly called a "Master's", according to the Bologna Process.
Depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} programs also personal choices, Europeans can achieve a master's degree in just as that} small just as that} well years (a three-year bachelor's also a one-year Master's) also just as that} expanded just as that} six years (a four-year bachelor's, a two-year Master's) regarding higher education. In Brazil it would exist feasible to have a specialization "lato-sensu" degree—which differs from a Brazilian "stricto-sensu" master's degree—in just as that} small just as that} three years (two years intended the needs of|on behalf of} a "tecnólogo"[24] degree also an additional twelve month period intended the needs of|on behalf of} a specialization) or just as that} expanded just as that} eight years (six years intended the needs of|on behalf of} trained degrees, plus two years intended the needs of|on behalf of} a master's "stricto-sensu" degree—typical in cure or engineering).
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, minor academy has two milestones, in 9th also 11th grades. After completing the opening 4 years regarding minor academy (6th, 7th, 8th also 9th grades), a student is considered to have completed the basic minor academy while at the following completed the previous two years (10th also 11th grades) is considered to have completed "bachillerato" or soaring academy diploma.
This degree can exist either university (the the majority common) or:
- military, given via of|by virtue of} military specialised schools. It provides the opening intended the needs of|on behalf of} macho students not to advance to otherwise compulsory military service.
- commercial, which grants students focused skills summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} accountancy.
- technical, which grants students focused skills summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} specialist abilities such just as that} electricity, mechanics also joint matters.
- Academic, which grants students focused skills summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} elementary education.
After graduating from high-school, looking forward to students essential grip a widespread test that determines their eligibility to seek intended the needs of|on behalf of} their needed program, depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the score the student achieves summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the exam. In Colombia, the system regarding university degrees is corresponding to the US model. After completing their "bachillerato" (high school), students can grip one regarding three options. The opening one is called a "Profesional" (professional career), which is corresponding to a bachelor's degree requiring from well to six years regarding study according to the chosen program, However, strictly-career-related subjects are pleased from the greatly beginning not resembling US where focused career-related subjects commonly are part regarding the curriculum from the third year. The new option is called a "Técnico" (technician); this degree consists regarding single two also a partial years regarding study also prepares the student intended the needs of|on behalf of} specialist or mechanized labors. Finally, the third option is called a "Tecnólogo" (equivalent to an couple degree), also consist regarding 3 years regarding study. A specialist academy gives to the student, at the subsequent to a program regarding two years, an under pass degree in areas same as application development, networks also IT, accountancy, nursing also new areas regarding state services, mechanics, current also technic-like areas.
Universities hold out to pass degrees in ICFES endorsed programs same as medicine, engineering, laws, accountancy, industry rule also new trained areas. A typical undergraduate program commonly takes 10 or 11 semesters also some (i.e. medicine) depend upon an additional period regarding facility or system to seek intended the needs of|on behalf of} the degree. A student who has obtained an undergraduate degree can opt to maintain studying a occupation at the following completing their undergraduate degree via of|by virtue of} ongoing onto Master's also Doctorate degrees. They can and pick to a specialization in certain fields regarding study via of|by virtue of} execution an extra year.
ICFES is the public government intended the needs of|on behalf of} training quality.
Guyana[edit]
In Guyana, the universities hold out to Bachelor programs in opposed streams same as Bachelor regarding Arts (B.A), Bachelor regarding Science in Nursing, Design also Arts, Liberal Arts, Psychology, Doctor regarding Medicine (MD) also new state discipline programs. These programs are delivered via of|by virtue of} University regarding Guyana, Texila American University, Green Heart Medical University, Lesley university also numerous additional offers these bachelor programs.
Costa Rica, El Salvador also Venezuela[edit]
In these countries, there are two titles that should not exist confused:
- High academy students who pass their bachillerato or soaring academy exams gain a document regarding Bachiller en Educación Secundaria ("bachelor's degree in minor education"), which is wanted in order to come or go in or into a university also is commonly requested via of|by virtue of} companies in their profiles.
- University students gain a bachillerato degree in their individual fields at the following completing well years regarding education, also a licenciatura degree completing one additional twelve month period regarding studies (and meeting new requisites unique to every one institution), equivalent to a universal bachelor's degree, enabling them to do business just as that} professionals in their chosen areas; intended the needs of|on behalf of} example, a Bachiller en Enseñanza Secundaria ("bachelor's degree in minor teaching") enables a being to do business just as that} a soaring academy teacher. Currently, the tendency is intended the needs of|on behalf of} universities not to hold out to a bachelor's degree also to hold out to in preference a licentiate's or "Ingeniero" degree at the subsequent to five years regarding education.
Europe[edit]
Bachelor's degrees be living in nearly every state in Europe. However, these degrees were single newly introduced in some Continental European countries, where bachelor's degrees were undiscovered earlier than the Bologna process. Undergraduate programs in Europe overall go in front (of) to the subsequent the majority widely accepted degrees:
- Bachelor regarding Science degree (B.Sc.), 35%–40% regarding undergraduate programs;
- Bachelor regarding Arts degree (B.A.), 30%–35% regarding undergraduate programs;
- Bachelor regarding Laws degree (LL.B.), 1% regarding sum programs, nevertheless widely accepted in the constitution discipline.
The relax regarding the programmes typically go in front (of) to Bachelor regarding Engineering degree (B.Eng.), Bachelor regarding Business Administration degree (B.B.A.), or new variants. Also, associate degrees are rising in popularity summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the undergraduate degree in Europe.
On a per-country, per-discipline also occasionally regular per-institute basis, the term regarding an undergraduate degree program is typically three or well years, but can range anywhere from three to six years. This is an important factor in the student's decision-making process.
Austria[edit]
The real situation in Austria was greatly corresponding to that in Germany, accompanied by the conventional opening degrees body the Magister also the Diplom, which are master's-level qualifications. From 2004, bachelor's degrees have been reintroduced just as that} part regarding the Bologna Process reforms. These can exist planned at universities, leading to a bachelor's degree (BA or BSc) at the end of three or well years, also at Fachhochschulen (universities regarding applied science), leading to a Bachelor (FH) at the following three years.[25]
Belgium[edit]
Education in Belgium is race via of|by virtue of} the dialect communities, accompanied by unconnected higher training systems body administered via of|by virtue of} the Flemish Community also the French Community. Both systems have been reformed to align accompanied by the Bologna Process, the Flemish Community from 2003 also the French Community from 2004. In the Flemish Community, bachelor's degrees may exist either university or professional. These degrees previous three years, also may exist followed in both cases via of|by virtue of} a additional modern Bachelor-na-bachelor diploma, lasting one twelve month period (c.f. the Australian bachelor honours degree). All regarding these qualifications are at degree 6 summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the EQF, to which the Flemish Qualification Framework was referenced in June 2011. In the French Community, universities give grade de bachelier (3 years) just as that} the equivalent regarding bachelor's degrees. Outside regarding universities, trained programs may exist type long (long type) or type court (short type), both regarding which are offered at Hautes Ecoles also Ecoles Supérieures des Arts. The type long takes in a grade de bachelier (type long) (3 years), which is followed via of|by virtue of} a master degree (1 or 2 years), while the type court has a grade de bachelier professionnalisant (type court) (3 years), which may exist followed via of|by virtue of} a bachelier de spécialisation (1 year). All bachelier degrees (including the bachelier de spécialisation) are equivalent to degree 6 regarding the EQF, but have not been formally referenced.[26]
Croatia[edit]
Most universities also colleges in Croatia this morning hold out to a three-year bachelor program, which can exist followed up typically accompanied by a two-year master's (graduate) program.
- Upon end regarding undergraduate trained studies, students are awarded the trained label regarding Professional Bachelor, abbreviated bacc. (baccalaureus or stručni prvostupnik in Croatian) accompanied by a reference to a specialisation.
- Undergraduate university studies commonly previous intended the needs of|on behalf of} three to well years also upon completion, students are awarded an university label regarding Bachelor, abbreviated univ. bacc. (baccalaureus or sveučilišni prvostupnik in Croatian).[27]
Academies that specialize in the arts, e. g. the Academy regarding Fine Arts in Zagreb, have four-year bachelor's programs followed via of|by virtue of} a one-year master's.
Czech Republic[edit]
Historically, the baccalareus was the undergraduate degree awarded to students who graduated from the road regarding trivium (grammar, dialectic also rhetoric) at a capability regarding open-minded arts (either at the Charles University or at the University regarding Olomouc). It was a called for must to maintain either accompanied by the capability regarding open-minded arts (quadrivium leading to a master's degree also more to a doctoral degree) or to study at one regarding the new three real faculties—law, cure or theology.
A bachelor's degree, abbreviated Bc.A., in the field regarding fine arts, also Bc. (Bakalář in Czech) in new fields is awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} guaranteed undergraduate programs at universities also colleges.
The enormous majority regarding undergraduate programmes offered in the Czech Republic have a calibre term regarding three years.
In the Czech tertiary training system, the majority universities also colleges this morning hold out to a three-year bachelor program, which can exist followed up typically accompanied by a two-year master's (graduate) program. Some specializations, such just as that} doctors regarding cure also veterinary doctors, grasp exceptions from the public system in that the single option is a six-year master's program accompanied by absolutely not bachelor stage (graduate accompanied by label doctor). This is due largely to the obstacle regarding meaningfully splitting up the training intended the needs of|on behalf of} these specialisations.
Denmark[edit]
The bachelor's degree was re-introduced at universities in Denmark in 1993, at the following the initial degree (baccalaureus) was abandoned in 1775. The bachelor's degree is awarded at the following three or well years regarding study at a university also follows a scheme quite corresponding to the British one. Two bachelor's degrees are given at the university degree today:
- Bachelor regarding Science (B.Sc.), awarded to students accompanied by prime centre summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} scientific, medical, or specialist areas;
- Bachelor regarding Arts (B.A.), awarded to students whose prime centre is summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} humanistic, theological, or jurisprudence areas.
However, both in the industry also the university world in Denmark, the bachelor's degree is still considered to exist "the opening half" regarding a master's (candidatus). It is often not considered a degree in its individual right[28], even with the politicians' best attempts to make it additional accepted.
The bachelor's degree has and been worn since the late 1990s in a character regarding areas same as nursing also teaching. Usually referred to just as that} a "Professional Bachelor" (Danish: professionsbachelor), these degrees commonly depend upon 3 to 41⁄2 years regarding combined theoretical also efficient study at a professed "(professional) university college" (Danish: professionshøjskole) or "business academies" (Danish: "erhvervsakademier"). These trained bachelor's degrees carry out grant access to some university Master's program. These trained bachelor's degrees are considered to exist a brimming education.
Faroe Islands[edit]
Bachelor's degrees in the Faroe Islands are much the alike just as that} in Denmark.
France[edit]
The conventional bachelor's degree is the equivalent regarding the French Licence three-year degree. Since the modern European system regarding 2004 LMD Bologna process was founded, it has become calibre to recognize a bachelor's degree atop three years accompanied by a licence degree, a master's degree atop five years, also a doctorate atop eight years.
Some private institutions are nevertheless actually naming their degrees Bachelor's, Master's also Executive, such just as that} the Bordeaux MBA/Collège International de Bordeaux. None regarding them are guaranteed via of|by virtue of} the French State, but hold out to corresponding road subjects, structures also methods to those establish in Anglo-Saxon institutions.
Germany[edit]
Historically, the bachelor's degree, called "Bakkalaureus", existed in Germany since the late Middle Ages. But it was abolished via of|by virtue of} the educational reforms undertaken in 1820. The Abitur degree — the last degree received in academy at the end of a detailed 'college phase' regarding two years — replaced it, also universities single awarded pass degrees.
The Magister degree, a pass degree, was awarded at the subsequent to five years regarding study. In 1899, a following pass degree, the Diplom, was introduced when the Technische Hochschulen (TH) received university status. With the introduction regarding the Universities regarding Applied Sciences, a shortened version regarding the latter, referred to just as that} Diplom (FH) also designed to grip three to well years, was phased in amidst 1969 also 1972.
However, in 1998, in order to follow accompanied by the European Bologna process, a modern educational constitution reintroduced the bachelor's degree (first degree at the subsequent to three years regarding study) in Germany. Today, these degrees can exist called either "Bakkalaureus" or "Bachelor" (in accordance accompanied by federal law), but the English term is additional common. According to the Bologna model, the Bachelor is followed via of|by virtue of} the post-graduate master's degree regarding one more two years. The conventional degrees regarding Diplom also Magister were chiefly abolished in 2010, even if the Diplom still persists in a not many subjects also universities also has been reintroduced just as that} option degree in some places.
The conventional degrees have been re-mapped to the modern European Credit Transfer also Accumulation System (ECTS) essence system to make them equal to the modern bachelor's degree. Traditional also Bologna process degrees are ranked just as that} follows in Germany:
- Bachelor: 180, 210, or 240 ECTS points required;
- Diplom FH: 240 ECTS;
- Diplom Uni or TH: 300 ECTS;
- Master: 300 ECTS (including bachelor).
Greece[edit]
The Greek bachelor's degree is called πτυχίο (Latinised version: Ptychion). It is earned at the subsequent to well to six years regarding undergraduate studies, depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the field, also is a opening series of events qualification in the Bologna Process accompanied by 240 or additional ECTS credits.[29] It is placed at degree 6 regarding the national qualifications framework regarding Greece, the Hellenic Qualifications Framework (HQF),[30] which is referenced to degree 6 regarding the European Qualifications Framework.[31] It is classified just as that} a degree 6 qualification in the International Standard Classification regarding Education. The former pass or common bachelor's degree, signified via of|by virtue of} "(Pass)" or "(Ord)" required 210 ECTS credits also was and at degree 6 regarding the HQF.[citation needed]
The bachelor's degree is provided via of|by virtue of} the total Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), containing universities, specialist HEIs, at one time technological educational institutes (TEIs).
Previously, TEI undergraduate degrees required 3 1⁄2 years regarding study, also conferred a qualification legally equivalent to a bachelor's (ord) degree. This qualification was discontinued also TEIs at the moment give a 4-year bachelor's degree. Technical universities also some universities hold out to a 5-year (300 ECTS) undergraduate program leading to a Δίπλωμα (Greek) Diploma (integrated-master-level-granting, Master's degree equivalent) at Level 7 regarding the HQF.[30]
Italy[edit]
The getting on four-, five-, or six-year laurea system was discontinued in the in advance 2000s just as that} per the Bologna process, accompanied by some exceptions such just as that} constitution academy or medical school. The bachelor's degree, called "Laurea triennale" (three-year degree) or simply "Laurea", takes three years to absolute (note that Italian students pass from soaring academy at age 19) also grants access to pass degrees (known just as that} "Laurea Magistrale"). In order to graduate, students essential get 180 credits (ECTS) also write a thesis intended the needs of|on behalf of} which students have to elaborate summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} an argument underneath the supervision regarding a professor (generally from three to eight ECTS). Graduation marks advance from 66 to 110. According to every one capability internal ruling, a lode may exist awarded to candidates accompanied by a 110/110 stain intended the needs of|on behalf of} discovery regarding the merit regarding the last project.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, the Bachelor regarding Arts also Master regarding Arts degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a lone program that led to the doctorandus degree was in effect, which comprised the alike road load just as that} the bachelor's also Master's programs put together. (The doctorandus label was in employ intended the needs of|on behalf of} nearly the total fields regarding study; new titles were worn intended the needs of|on behalf of} legal studies (meester) also engineering (ingenieur).) Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt intended the needs of|on behalf of} the doctorandus degree (before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'), or simply employ the master's degree (behind their name) in accordance accompanied by the modern standard. Since these graduates carry out not have a unconnected bachelor's degree (which is in fact—in retrospect—incorporated into the program), the master's degree is their opening university degree.
In 2003/2004, the Dutch degree system was changed since regarding the Bologna process. Former degrees included:
- baccalaureus (bc. intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor, corresponding to a B.A.Sc. or B.A.A. degree, it may exist formally rendered just as that} "B", followed via of|by virtue of} the specialization field, in preference regarding "bc.")
- doctorandus (prefix abbreviated to drs.; it corresponds to M.A. or M.Sc., but it may exist formally rendered just as that} M in preference regarding drs.),[32]
ingenieur
- ing. intended the needs of|on behalf of} graduates regarding the four-year courses offered via of|by virtue of} Dutch higher vocational colleges (HBO, that is; hoger beroepsonderwijs) see: university regarding applied science. It is corresponding to a B.A.Sc., B.Eng., B.B.E., B.A.S. or B.I.C.T. (B.I.T.), also it may exist formally rendered just as that} B followed via of|by virtue of} the specialization field, in preference regarding ing.
- ir. intended the needs of|on behalf of} those having graduated from specialist university at the end of a minimum regarding five years, corresponding to a M.Sc., but it may exist formally rendered just as that} M, in preference regarding ir.),
- meester in de rechten (mr.; it corresponds to LL.M., but it may exist formally rendered just as that} M in preference regarding mr.) and
- doctor (dr.; it corresponds to Ph.D., but it may formally exist rendered just as that} D in preference regarding dr.)[33] are still granted along accompanied by their universal equivalents.[34]
While the titles ing., bc., ir., mr., drs. also dr. are worn earlier than one's individual name, the degrees B, M or D are mentioned at the subsequent to one's name. It is still allowed to employ the conventional titles.
Whether a bachelor's degree is granted via of|by virtue of} a hogeschool or university is extremely significant since these parallel systems regarding higher training have traditionally served somewhat opposed purposes, accompanied by the vocational colleges largely concentrating summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} skills also efficient training. A B.A. or B.Sc. from a university grants "immediate" admittance into a master's program. Moreover, this is commonly considered a formality to allow students to switch to overseas universities master's programs. Meanwhile, those having completed a HBO from a vocational college, which represented the highest feasible degree regarding vocational training available, can single maintain to a "master's" summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} end regarding a challenging twelve month period regarding additional study, which in itself can serve just as that} a sort regarding selection process, accompanied by the prospective M.Sc. students body required to cover a great contract regarding ground in a lone year.
Recently, HBO (vocational) master's degrees have been introduced in the Netherlands. Graduates thereof may employ neither the wing "of Arts" (M.A.) nor "of Science" (M.Sc.). They may employ an M followed via of|by virtue of} the field regarding specialization (e.g., M.Des).
This twelve month period regarding study to "convert" from the vocational to university (WO-wetenschappelijk onderwijs, actually "scientific education") is and known just as that} a "bridge" or "premasters" year. Note that even with the employ regarding the language "university regarding applied science" the higher vocational colleges are not considered to exist "universities" within the Netherlands.
Important aspects regarding Dutch bachelor's degree courses (and others) member of your or the family to some regarding those offered abroad include:
- Duration. While in numerous countries courses are completed in a given term underneath usual circumstances, degree courses offered at some (though via of|by virtue of} no process all) Dutch institutions, containing the the majority prestigious, can single exist completed in three years via of|by virtue of} the best performing students.
- Academic year. The Dutch university twelve month period has a formal term regarding 42 weeks. In system students are often expected also required to spend a great contract regarding the "free" term revising intended the needs of|on behalf of} examinations. This is not always accurate elsewhere, just as that} in numerous countries a greatly expanded summer break is pleased or examinations are earlier than the winter break preferably than after.
- Learning curve. Some training systems, principally the British one, involve a gentle introduction during the opening year. This is mainly not the circumstance(s) in the Netherlands, accompanied by the obstacle degree in the opening twelve month period serving just as that} a sort regarding "self-selection" accompanied by smaller committed also smaller experienced students routinely decision it difficult to keep up.
In February, 2011, the Dutch State Secretary regarding Education decided to adhere to the recommendations written in a announce via of|by virtue of} the Veerman Commission. In the near future, the contrast amidst university also higher vocational degrees aim disappear.
North Macedonia[edit]
In 2003, the German-style training system was changed to conform to the ECTS since regarding the Bologna process. The in existence university degree granted accompanied by a certificate was transformed into a baccalaureus (bachelor's degree). The universities commonly give a bachelor's degree at the subsequent to three years (following which, a master's degree aim exist two years long) or well years (following which, a master's degree aim exist one twelve month period long).
Norway[edit]
A bachelor's degree in Norway requires three years regarding fultime studies. There are some exceptions, intended the needs of|on behalf of} case physiotherapy.
Poland[edit]
In Poland, the licentiate degree corresponds to the bachelor's degree in Anglophone countries. In Polish, it is called licencjat. To gain the licencjat degree, one essential absolute three years regarding study. There is and a corresponding degree called producer (inżynier) which differs from the licencjat in that it is awarded via of|by virtue of} specialist universities also the program commonly lasts intended the needs of|on behalf of} 3.5 years. After that, the student can maintain training intended the needs of|on behalf of} 2 or 1.5 years, respectively, to gain a magister degree, which corresponds to a master's degree.
Portugal[edit]
Presently, the Portuguese equivalent regarding a bachelor's degree is the licenciatura, awarded at the subsequent to three years regarding study (four in some not many cases) at an guaranteed university or polytechnical institution. It is an undergraduate opening study series of events program which is required to advance into more studies such just as that} master's degree programs.
Before the Bologna process (2006/2007), the bacharelato (bachelor's degree) existed in the Portuguese higher training system. It required three years regarding study, body forcefully equivalent to the present licenciatura. At that time, the licenciatura referred to a licentiate's degree (equivalent to the present master's degree), which required commonly five years regarding study. A licenciatura could and exist obtained via of|by virtue of} performing two years regarding study at the subsequent to obtaining a bacharelato.
Today, the former also current licenciatura degrees are referred in Portugal, respectively, just as that} pre-Bologna also post-Bologna licenciaturas.
Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan also Armenia[edit]
The specialist's degree (Russian: специалист), (Ukrainian: спецiалiст) was the opening university contrast in the Soviet Union, awarded to students upon end regarding five-year studies at the university level. The degree can exist compared both to the bachelor's also master's degree. In the in advance 1990s, Bakalavr (Бакалавр, "bachelor") degrees were introduced in the total the countries regarding the Commonwealth regarding Independent States except Turkmenistan. After the bakalavr degree (usually well years), one can get a master's degree (another one or two years) while preserving the getting on five-year master scheme.
Spain[edit]
In Spain, due to the growing transition to a miniature compliant accompanied by the Bologna agreement, very equivalents to the typical Anglo-Saxon bachelor's degree also master's degree are body implemented progressively. Currently, there is an undergraduate bachelor's degree called "Título de Grado" or simply "Grado" (its term mainly body well years), a postgraduate master's degree called "Título de Máster" or "Máster" (between one also two years), also a doctor's degree called "Título de Doctor" or "Doctorado". The "Título de Grado" is at the moment the must to access to a Master study. The "Título de Máster" is at the moment the must to access to doctoral studies, also its term also the kind regarding institutions that can school these programs are regulated in the order regarding the European Higher Education Area.
Up until 2009/2010, the system was split into three categories regarding degrees. There were the professed first-cycle degrees: "Diplomado" or "Ingeniero Técnico", accompanied by nominal durations varied amidst three also well years; there were and second-cycle degrees: "Licenciado" or "Ingeniero" accompanied by nominal durations varied amidst well also six years; also in the end the third-cycle degrees: "Doctor." The authorized first-cycle degrees are equal in terms regarding duration, scope, also educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor's degree. Meanwhile, the second-cycle degrees are equal in terms regarding duration, scope, also educational outcomes to an Anglo-Saxon bachelor's + Master's degrees mix if compared accompanied by the Anglo-Saxon system. In this conventional system the access to doctoral studies was granted single to the holders regarding "Licenciado", "Ingeniero" or "Arquitecto" (second-cycle) degrees, also the "Master" or "Magister" titles were unregulated (so, there coexisted professed "Master" programs accompanied by opposed durations, from some months to two years, backed via of|by virtue of} universities or centers requiring any authorized recognition) also single the reputation regarding the program/institution could back them.
Sweden[edit]
The Swedish equivalent regarding a bachelor's degree is called kandidatexamen. It is earned at the following three years regarding studies, regarding which at least a twelve month period also a partial in the significant subject. A thesis regarding at least 15 ECTS credits essential exist included in the degree. Previously, there was a Bachelor regarding Law degree (juris kandidat) which required 4.5 years regarding study, but this degree at the moment has a modern name, juristexamen (and is at the moment a master's degree called "Master regarding Laws").
Switzerland[edit]
Like Austria also Germany, Switzerland did not have a tradition regarding bachelor's also master's degrees. In 2003, at the following the application regarding the Bologna process, bachelor's also pass master's degrees replaced the getting on degrees. As regarding 1 December 2005 the Rectors' Conference regarding the Swiss Universities granted holders regarding a lizentiat or certificate the accurate to employ the corresponding master title. As regarding 2006, certificates regarding equivalence are issued via of|by virtue of} the university that issued the initial degree. Currently three to well years regarding study are required to exist awarded a bachelor's degree. A master's degree aim depend upon one more two to three years regarding coursework also a thesis.
United Kingdom[edit]
The bachelor's degree is the calibre undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom, accompanied by the the majority common degrees body the bachelor regarding arts (BA) also bachelor regarding science (BSc). Most bachelor's degree courses (apart from the greatly rare postgraduate awards, also those in medicine, dentistry also veterinary science) go in front (of) to honours degrees, accompanied by common degrees mainly single body awarded to those who carry out not encounter the required pass stain intended the needs of|on behalf of} an honours degree. With the exception regarding the postgraduate bachelor's degrees also bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary science, UK bachelor's degrees (whether honours or non-honours) are opening series of events (end regarding cycle) qualifications underneath the Bologna Process. Postgraduate bachelor's degrees also bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary body regarding knowledge are following series of events (end regarding cycle) qualifications. Some bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary branch regarding knowledge hold out to intercalated degrees en route to the last qualification.[35][36][37]
Bachelor's degrees should not exist confused accompanied by baccalaureate qualifications, which derive their nickname from the alike root. In the UK, baccalaureate qualifications, e.g. International Baccalaureate, Welsh Baccalaureate, English Baccalaureate, are gained at minor schools preferably than body degree-level qualifications.
Until the 19th century, a bachelor's degree represented the opening degree in a particular faculty, accompanied by Arts representing undergraduate study, thus the Bachelor regarding Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford also the Bachelor regarding Laws (LLB) at Cambridge, intended the needs of|on behalf of} example, were postgraduate degrees. Vestiges regarding this system still stay in the ancient universities, accompanied by Oxford also Cambridge awarding BAs intended the needs of|on behalf of} undergraduate degrees in both arts also sciences (although both give undergraduate BTh degrees through associated theological colleges, also Oxford awards BFA degrees in addition to the BA) also defining new bachelor's degrees (e.g., BPhil, BCL) just as that} postgraduate awards equivalent to master's degrees,[38][39] even if numerous postgraduate bachelor's degrees have at the moment been replaced via of|by virtue of} equivalent master's degrees (e.g., LLM intended the needs of|on behalf of} the LLB at Cambridge also MSc intended the needs of|on behalf of} the BSc at Oxford).[40][41] The alike real usage regarding indicating an undergraduate degree via of|by virtue of} it body in the capability regarding arts preferably than body a bachelor's degree gives rise to the Oxbridge MA also the Scottish MA).
Common bachelor's degrees also abbreviations:
- Bachelor regarding Arts: BA
- Bachelor regarding Science: BSc
- Bachelor regarding Laws: LLB
- Bachelor regarding Civil Law: BCL
- Bachelor regarding Engineering: BEng
- Bachelor regarding Education: BEd
- Bachelor regarding Medicine, Bachelor regarding Surgery: MBBS, MBBCh, BMBS, BMBCh
- Bachelor regarding Dental Surgery: BDS
England, Wales also Northern Ireland[edit]
In England, Wales also Northern Ireland, bachelor's degrees commonly grip three years regarding study to complete, even if courses may grip well years where they involve a twelve month period abroad or a location year. Degrees may have titles joint to their broad subject area or faculty, such just as that} BA or BSc, or may exist additional subject special (e.g. BEng or LLB). The majority regarding bachelor's degrees are at the moment honours degrees, even if this has not always been the circumstance(s) historically.
Although opening degree courses are commonly three years (360 credits), direct following twelve month period admittance is from term to time feasible intended the needs of|on behalf of} students transferring from new courses or those who have completed foundation degrees, by way of of} accreditation regarding prior learning or additional formal recognition transfer arrangements. Some universities squeeze the three-year road into two years via of|by virtue of} teaching intended the needs of|on behalf of} a brimming calendar twelve month period (180 credits) preferably than a calibre university twelve month period (120 credits), thus maintaining the brimming 360-credit extent regarding the course.[42][43]
In addition to bachelor's degrees, some institutions hold out to united master's degrees just as that} opening degrees in some subjects (particularly in STEM fields). These integrate teaching at bachelor's also master's degree in a four-year (five-year if accompanied by industrialized experience) course, which often shares the opening two years accompanied by the equivalent bachelor's course.
The usual university calibre intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor's degrees in England, Wales also Northern Ireland is the honours degree. These are commonly classified into one regarding well classes regarding honours, depending upon the marks gained in examinations also new assessments:
- First study group honours (1st)
- Second study group honours, divided into:
- Upper division, or higher following (2:1)
- Lower division, or lower following (2:2)
- Third study group honours (3rd)
Some institutions have announced that they intend to replace this system regarding classifying honours degrees accompanied by an American-style Grade Point Average.[44] An ordinary (or unclassified) degree, which single requires passes worth 300 credits preferably than the 360 regarding the honours degree, may exist awarded if a student has completed the brimming honours degree road but has not obtained sufficient passes to get a degree. Completion regarding just the opening two years regarding the road can go in front (of) to a Diploma regarding Higher Education also end regarding single the opening twelve month period to a Certificate regarding Higher Education.
On the Framework intended the needs of|on behalf of} Higher Education Qualifications, calibre undergraduate bachelor's degrees accompanied by also requiring honours are at degree 6, even if the courses involve learning beyond levels 4 to 6. Honours degrees commonly depend upon 360 credits accompanied by a minimum regarding 90 at degree 6, while common degrees need 300 credits accompanied by a minimum regarding 60 at degree 6. Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary branch regarding knowledge are at degree 7, accompanied by learning spanning levels 4 to 7, also are not commonly recognition rated. The Diploma regarding Higher Education is a degree 5 (second twelve month period regarding bachelor's degree) qualification also requires 240 credits, a minimum regarding 90 at degree 5; The Certificate regarding Higher Education is a degree 4 (first twelve month period regarding bachelor's degree) qualification also requires 120 credits, a minimum regarding 90 at degree 4.[45]
Other qualifications at degree 6 regarding the Framework intended the needs of|on behalf of} Higher Education Qualifications or the Regulated Qualifications Framework, such just as that} graduate diplomas also certificates, some BTEC Advanced Professional awards, diplomas also certificates, also the graduateship regarding the City & Guilds regarding London Institute are at the alike degree just as that} bachelor's degrees, even if not necessarily representing the alike recognition volume.[46]
Scotland[edit]
At Scottish universities, bachelor's degrees (and the equivalent Scottish MA awarded via of|by virtue of} some institutions) are commonly honours degrees, taking well years regarding study (or five accompanied by a twelve month period in overseas lands or in industry), but may and exist ordinary degrees (also known just as that} pass, general or designated degrees) requiring three years regarding study. Honours degrees may exist awarded just as that} BA (Hons) or MA (Hons) in the arts also social sciences, or BSc (Hons) intended the needs of|on behalf of} sciences, or have additional special titles such just as that} BEng. As in the relax regarding the UK, united master's degrees, taking five years in Scotland, are and offered just as that} opening degrees alongside bachelor's degrees.[47]
An honours degree may exist directly linked to trained or vocational qualifications, especially in fields such just as that} engineering, surveying also architecture. These courses tend to have extremely specified curricula, leaving students requiring numerous options intended the needs of|on behalf of} broader study. Others, subsequent a additional conventional route, proceed apart accompanied by a broad range regarding studies beyond the capability that has admitted the student or, by way of of} modular study, beyond the whole university. Students summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} these courses specialise later in their degree programmes.[47] Typically degree grades are based single summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the last two years regarding study, at the following a specialisation has been chosen, so broader study courses pleased in the opening two years carry out not affect the last degree grade.[48]
Honours degrees are subdivided into classes in the alike way just as that} the relax regarding the UK, depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the overall order achieved. These are, from highest to lowest; opening class, higher following study group (2:1), lower following study group (2:2), also third class.
Ordinary degrees are awarded to students who have completed three years at university studying a variety regarding joint subjects.[49] These may exist pleased atop a broad range regarding subjects or (as accompanied by honours degrees) accompanied by a specialisation in a particular subject (in the latter case, they are occasionally known s designated degrees). As common degrees in Scotland be a individual road regarding study, preferably than a order below honours degrees, they can exist graded (from lowest to highest) just as that} "pass", "merit" or "distinction".[50][51] As in the relax regarding the UK, Certificates also Diplomas regarding Higher Education may exist earned via of|by virtue of} those completing one also two years regarding a bachelor's degree road respectively.[47]
The opening two years, at times three, regarding both an common degree also an honours degree are identical, but candidates intended the needs of|on behalf of} the common degree study in smaller depth in their last twelve month period also often atop a wider variety regarding subjects, also carry out not commonly absolute a dissertation. A Scottish common degree is thus opposed from common degrees in the relax regarding the UK in comprising a individual road regarding study from the honours degree. In keeping accompanied by the Scottish "broad education" philosophy, common degrees (and additional rarely honours ones) may mix opposed disciplines such just as that} sciences also humanities taught in opposed faculties also in some cases regular opposed universities.[52]
Bachelor's degrees accompanied by honours are at degree 10 regarding the Scottish Credit also Qualifications Framework (SCQF) also depend upon 480 credits accompanied by a minimum regarding 90 at degree 10 also 90 at degree 9. Ordinary degrees are at degree 9 also depend upon 360 credits accompanied by a minimum regarding 90 at degree 9.[53] Both honours degrees also common degrees qualify just as that} opening series of events (end regarding cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process. Bachelor's degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary area regarding study are at degree 11 regarding the SCQF also are following series of events (end regarding cycle) qualifications in the Bologna Process.[54]
Turkey[edit]
There are institutions which give bachelor's degrees in nearly every city in Turkey. Examples are Ankara University, Bilkent University, Boğaziçi University, Marmara University, Hacettepe University, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul University, Koç University, Middle East Technical University, Sabanci University, Yeditepe University, also Yildiz Technical University. They the total grant bachelor regarding arts or science degrees upon end regarding an eight-semester course. There are opportunities to undertake a double major. Some universities allow common degree students to transfer to an honours degree road in the alike subject if an acceptable calibre is reached at the following the opening or following twelve month period regarding study, known in Turkish just as that} a "Önlisans Mezunu".[citation needed]
Some regarding the public also private universities hold out to courses taught partly in English, also numerous universities hold out to courses entirely in English, such just as that} Boğaziçi University, Marmara University, Middle East Technical University, Sabanci University, also Yeditepe University.
Subjects[edit]
Many new detailed bachelor's degrees are offered just as that} well. Some are in greatly detailed areas, same as the five-year B.I.Des. or B.Sc.I.Des. degree in industrial design.[55] Others are offered single at a limited character regarding universities, such just as that} the Walsh School regarding Foreign Service at Georgetown University's Bachelor regarding Science in Foreign Service (BSFS). The University regarding Delaware offers a Bachelor regarding Applied Arts also Science (B.A.A.Sc.) degree, a degree which often indicates an interdisciplinary road regarding study intended the needs of|on behalf of} numerous majors within its School regarding Arts also Science.[56]Stanford University's Bachelor regarding Arts also Science degree is intended the needs of|on behalf of} students who are receiving one degree but who have completed two arts also sciences majors, one regarding which would ordinarily go in front (of) to the B.A. also one regarding which would ordinarily go in front (of) to the B.Sc.
At numerous institutions one can single absolute a two-degree program if the bachelor's degrees to exist earned are regarding opposed types (e.g., one could get a B.A. in philosophy also a B.Sc.C.Eng. in chemical engineering simultaneously, but a being studying thought also English would receive single a lone B.A. accompanied by the two majors). Rules summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} this vary considerably, however.
Agriculture[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Science in Agriculture [B.Sc. (Ag) or B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture] offers a broad instruction in the sciences. The centre regarding this four-year applied degree is summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the development regarding analytical, quantitative, computing also communication skills. Students learn how to seek the intelligence also principles regarding branch regarding knowledge to the understanding also rule regarding the production, processing also promotional regarding country products, also to the rule also conservation regarding our valid resources. All students undertake rural field trips also agreed trained experience within country or horticultural enterprises, valid resource management, agribusiness industries, or commercial or government organisations busy in the field.
Architecture also design[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Architecture (B.Arch.) degree is a trained degree awarded to students who absolute the five-year road regarding study in the field at some universities. Many universities hold out to a B.Sc. or B.A. (majoring in Architecture) at the following the opening three or well years, also at that moment a post-graduate diploma, B.Arch. or M.Arch. intended the needs of|on behalf of} the subsequent two to well years.
The Bachelor regarding Design (B.Des., or S.Des. in Indonesia) is awarded to those who absolute the four- or four-and-a-half-year road regarding study in design, commonly majoring in a special field regarding design, such just as that} interior design or graphic design.
Arts[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Arts degrees (B.A., A.B.; and known just as that} Artium Baccalaureus) along accompanied by the Bachelor regarding Science degrees are the the majority common undergraduate degrees given. Originally, in the universities regarding Oxford, Cambridge also Dublin, the total undergraduate degrees were in the capability regarding arts, thus the nickname regarding the degree. The Bachelor regarding Applied Arts also Sciences (B.A.A.Sc.) is an undergraduate degree that bridges university also work-life experiences.
Engineering[edit]
- The Bachelor regarding Engineering degree or Bachelor regarding Applied Science[57] degree or Bachelor regarding Science in Engineering degree is a trained degree awarded to students who have completed the three or four-year road regarding study in engineering. Common abbreviations involve B.Eng., B.A.Sc. also B.Sc.Eng. The B.A.I. (baccalaureus in arte ingeniaria) degree is awarded via of|by virtue of} the University regarding Dublin (Trinity College Dublin). Some South African universities deliver to their engineering degrees just as that} B.Ing. (Baccalaureus Ingeniaria).
- There are additional special variants intended the needs of|on behalf of} numerous sub fields such just as that} B.Sc.E.Eng. (Bachelor regarding Science in Electrical Engineering) also B.S.Eng. (Bachelor regarding Software Engineering).
Business also management[edit]
Computer discipline also details systems[edit]
There are miscellaneous undergraduate degrees in information technology incorporating programming, database design, application engineering, networks also details systems. These programs prepare graduates intended the needs of|on behalf of} more postgraduate research degrees or intended the needs of|on behalf of} employment in a variety regarding roles in the information technology industry. The program centre may exist summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the specialist or theoretical aspects regarding the subject matter, depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} which road is taken.
- Theoretically oriented degrees centre summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} computer science also are correspondingly titled. These involve the Bachelor regarding Computing (B.Comp.) also Bachelor regarding Computer Science (B.Comp.Sc.) degrees. Computer branch regarding knowledge is and offered just as that} a significant within the majority Bachelor regarding Science programs.
- The essentially oriented degrees cover numerous disciplines from within the IT industry containing application engineering, details systems, also data communications. Examples in or at this place involve the Bachelor regarding Science in Information Technology (B.Sc.I.T.), the Bachelor regarding Computer Applications (B.C.A.), the Bachelor regarding Information Technology, also the Bachelor regarding Applied Science (Information Technology) (B.A.Sc.I.T.)) degrees. Many regarding the disciplines taught just as that} part regarding these degrees are covered underneath new degrees, such just as that} engineering, just as that} well.
- Degrees combining IT accompanied by industry study are and offered at numerous universities. Specialized programs in information systems—such just as that} the bachelor regarding industry details systems (BBIS) program—are often positioned just as that} professionally oriented degrees. More public degrees in or at this place would involve industry degrees, such just as that} the B.B.A. or B.Com., accompanied by details systems just as that} a concentration.
Health care[edit]
Medicine[edit]
In countries subsequent British tradition (the University regarding Malta is an exception), medical students pursue an undergraduate medical training also receive bachelor's degrees in cure also surgery (MBBChir, MBBS, BMBS, BM, MBChB, etc.). This was historically pleased at the universities regarding Oxford, Cambridge, also Dublin at the subsequent to the earliest BA degree, also in Oxford, Cambridge, also Dublin the BA is still awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} the earliest three years regarding medical study, accompanied by the BMBCh, MBBChir, or MBBChBAO, respectively, body awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} the subsequent clinical stage regarding training. Some British universities give a bachelor's degree in science, or medical science, midway through the medical course, also the majority allow students to intercalate a twelve month period regarding additional detailed study intended the needs of|on behalf of} an intercalated Bachelor regarding Science (BSc), Bachelor regarding Medical Science (BMedSc), or Bachelor regarding Medical Biology (BMedBiol) degree accompanied by honors.
Although notionally MB also BS are two degrees, they essential exist pleased together. In some Irish universities, a third degree, Bachelor regarding Arts in Obstetrics (BAO), is added. However, this third degree is an anachronism from the 19th century also is not registerable accompanied by the Irish Medical Council. In the UK, these qualifications, while retaining the label regarding bachelor's degrees, are master's degree degree qualifications.[58]
Use regarding the good manners label regarding doctor is attached to the business regarding physician or physician also is granted via of|by virtue of} registration, not via of|by virtue of} earning the qualifying degree. Trainee doctors in the UK are allowed to employ the label once they proceed their instruction also receive provisional registration.[59][60][61]
The Canadian MD degree is, even with its name, classified just as that} a bachelor's degree.[19]
Dentistry[edit]
Dentistry is offered both just as that} an undergraduate also a postgraduate course. In countries subsequent the British model, the opening degree in dentistry is the Bachelor regarding Dental Surgery, which is a master's degree degree qualification in the UK.[58] In some parts regarding the world, the doctorate regarding dental surgery (DDS) is the usual undergraduate program. Postgraduate courses such just as that} the Bachelor regarding Dentistry (B.Dent.)—awarded exclusively via of|by virtue of} the University regarding Sydney in Australia—requires a earlier bachelor's degree.
Midwifery[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Midwifery degree is a trained degree awarded to students who have absolute a three- to five-year (depending summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the country) road regarding study in midwifery. Common abbreviations involve B.Sc.Mid., B.M., B.Mid., also B.H.Sc.Mid.
Physiotherapy[edit]
Physiotherapy is offered both just as that} an undergraduate also a pass road regarding study. Studies leading to the Bachelor regarding Physiotherapy (B.P.T.) degree commonly be the undergraduate program. In the pass program, courses leading to a degree such just as that} the Master regarding Physiotherapy degree are offered.
In the Canadian province regarding Quebec, French universities hold out to both undergraduate also pass courses leading to the obtention regarding a Bachelor regarding Science degree accompanied by a significant in physiotherapy also a Master regarding Science degree detailed in physiotherapy. McGill University, the Université de Montréal, also the Université de Sherbrooke are among the post-secondary institutions that hold out to such programs.
Optometry[edit]
Optometry is a four-year or five-year course. Although students pass accompanied by a B.Sc. at the following three years regarding study, passing a more supervised preregistration twelve month period is required to become a fully qualified optometrist. The National Institute regarding Ophthalmic Sciences is among the post-secondary institutions that hold out to such programs. It is the university arm regarding The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital also the single peeper hospital based establishment in Malaysia.
Nursing[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Nursing degree is a three- to five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students intended the needs of|on behalf of} a occupation in nursing. Often the degree is required to get "registered nurse", or equivalent, status—subject to end regarding exams in the area regarding residence. Sometimes, though, the degree is offered single to nurses who are already registered. Alternative titles involve Bachelor regarding Science in Nursing also Bachelor regarding Nursing Science, accompanied by abbreviations B.Sc.N., B.N., also B.N.Sc.
Paramedicine[edit]
Paramedicine is offered both just as that} an undergraduate also a postgraduate road in some countries. The Bachelor regarding Paramedicine (B.Sc.P., B.P., B.H.Sc.P.) is a three- to a five-year undergraduate degree that prepares students intended the needs of|on behalf of} a occupation in paramedicine, paramedic services or emergency medical services. Countries such just as that} Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand also South Africa have traditional paramedicine degree programs. The United States does not depend upon a degree intended the needs of|on behalf of} paramedicine practice.[citation needed]
Veterinary science[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Veterinary Science program is mainly a five-year road regarding study that is required intended the needs of|on behalf of} becoming a veterinarian. It is and known just as that} the Bachelor regarding Veterinary Medicine also Surgery at some universities (B.V.M.S.). In the UK, this is a master's degree degree qualification that retains the label regarding bachelor's intended the needs of|on behalf of} real reasons.[58] In the United States, of road not bachelor's degree regarding veterinary science is given, single the Doctor regarding Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.) degree is.
Pharmacy[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) degree is a common undergraduate degree intended the needs of|on behalf of} the system regarding pharmacy. In the United States, Canada, also France, however, the total colleges regarding pharmacy have at the moment phased out the degree in favor regarding the Pharm.D., or doctor regarding pharmacy, degree or the Ph.D., physician regarding philosophy, degree in pharmacy. Some universities, such just as that} the University regarding Mississippi, give a Bachelor regarding Science in pharmaceutical sciences (B.Sc.P.Sc.) degree just as that} a part regarding the seven-year Pharm.D. program at the subsequent to the end regarding the opening well years. However, the B.ScP.Sc. degree does not qualify the recipient intended the needs of|on behalf of} the system regarding pharmacy, intended the needs of|on behalf of} which students essential get a Pharm.D. degree.[citation needed]
Public health[edit]
Public health is commonly planned at the master's degree level. The Bachelor regarding Science in Public Health (B.Sc.P.H.) degree is a four-year undergraduate degree that prepares students intended the needs of|on behalf of} careers in the public, private, or nonprofit sectors in areas such just as that} public health, situation health, state administration, epidemiology, or state policy also planning.
Medical also state sciences[edit]
- The Bachelor regarding Health Science (B.H.Sc./BSHS) is a detailed degree awarded to students whose studies have focused summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} state care, state sciences, or state professions. Specific areas regarding study can involve nursing, radiography, state care management, also state training among the new broad areas regarding health sciences. Some BHSc/BSHS programs are intended intended the needs of|on behalf of} must study to trained pass programs, containing physical therapy, physician assistant studies, also medicine. The degree is typically awarded subsequent well to five years regarding collegiate study.
- The label B.Med.Sc., B.Bio.Med.Sc., B.Med.Sc. or B.V.Med.Sc. is granted to students who have qualified in the field regarding biomedical science also medical science or veterinary medical branch regarding knowledge respectively. Universities that hold out to this road involve the University regarding Western Ontario in Canada, University regarding Birmingham in the UK also the University regarding New South Wales, the University regarding Canberra, the University regarding Queensland, the University regarding Sydney, RMIT University, Flinders University, Griffith University, Monash University, Australian National University also the University regarding Melbourne in Australia.
- The degree regarding B.Med.Sc. can exist awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} students completing an intercalated degree whilst studying medicine just as that} an middle award. The degree regarding B.Med.Sc. may and exist awarded to an individual who, having followed the prescribed road regarding study intended the needs of|on behalf of} the degrees regarding M.B.Ch.B., does not absolute the undergraduate clinical training. In brief, this is commonly awarded at the following the contender has completed successfully the opening three years regarding an undergraduate medical degree at certain UK (and Commonwealth) medical institutions.
- The Bachelor regarding Science in mortal biology degree is awarded via of|by virtue of} several universities around the world also focuses summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} biomedical research, state care, biotech business, pharmaceutical sciences, or a mix thereof.
Kinesiology[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Kinesiology degree (B.K. or B.Sc.K.)is a detailed degree in the field regarding mortal movement also kinetics. Some schools still hold out to it underneath the backing regarding a School regarding Physical Education (B.P.Ed. or B.H.P.Ed.), even if "kinesiology" or "human kinetics" is currently the additional popularly accepted term intended the needs of|on behalf of} the discipline.
Nutrition also dietetics[edit]
Bachelor regarding Science in Nutrition also Dietetics (B.S.N.D.), Bachelor regarding Food Science also Nutrition (B.F.S.N.) Specific areas regarding study involve clinical nutrition, food technology, kindness also services management, research, community worker, state care management, educator, sports science, country sciences, private system also new allied state fields. The degree is awarded subsequent well to six years regarding collegiate study in America (average five years), from three to well in Europe also Australia. In America (especially Latin America) Nutrition per se is parted from Dietetics, where the latter is equivalent to a specialist degree.
Aviation[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Aviation (B.Av.) is awarded to students who absolute a four-year road regarding study in the field regarding aviation.
Divinity also theology[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Divinity, Bachelor regarding Theology, Bachelor regarding Religious Studies, Bachelor regarding Biblical Studies, also Bachelor regarding Religious Education (B.D., B.Th., B.R.S., B.B.S., also B.R.E.) degrees are awarded summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} end regarding a program regarding study regarding divinity or joint disciplines, such just as that} theology, religious studies, or religious education.
Traditionally the B.D. was in fact a pass degree preferably than a opening degree, also typically emphasised university theology, biblical languages etc. This has become a smaller common arrangement, but a B.D. takes precedence atop a Ph.D. in Cambridge University's order regarding seniority.
While the religious bachelor's degree is mainly conferred upon end regarding a four-year program, it is and conferred in some detailed three-year programs. From there, the next degree regarding advancement is mainly the Master regarding Divinity (M.Div.), Master regarding Theology (Th.M.), Master regarding Religious Studies, or Master regarding Religious Education (M.R.E.) degree. In the United States the "main line" Protestant clergy typically grip a four-year bachelor's degree in whatever field they choose, at that moment get the M.Div. (Master regarding Divinity) degree in an additional three years just as that} part regarding preparation intended the needs of|on behalf of} ordination.
Fine arts[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree is a detailed degree awarded intended the needs of|on behalf of} courses regarding study in the fine arts, frequently via of|by virtue of} an arts academy or conservatory, even if it is equally ready at a important character regarding conventional colleges also universities. In contrast to the B.A. or B.S., which are mainly considered to exist university degrees, the B.F.A. is commonly referred to just as that} a trained degree, whose recipients have mainly received well years regarding study also instruction in their significant field just as that} compared to the two years regarding study in the significant field commonly establish in the majority conventional non-Commonwealth Bachelor regarding Arts or Bachelor regarding Science programs.
In the United States, the Bachelor regarding Fine Arts degree differs from a Bachelor regarding Arts degree in that the majority regarding the program consists regarding a efficient studio component, just as that} contrasted accompanied by lesson also discussion classes. A typical B.F.A. program in the United States consists regarding two-thirds study in the arts, accompanied by one-third in additional public open-minded arts studies. For a B.A. in Art, the ratio ability exist reversed.
Film also television[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Film also Television (B.F.T.V.) degree is an undergraduate degree intended the needs of|on behalf of} the study regarding film also TV production containing areas regarding cinematography, directing, scriptwriting, sound, animation, also typography.
Integrated studies[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Integrated Studies (B.I.S.) is an interdisciplinary bachelor's degree offered via of|by virtue of} several universities in the United States also Canada. It allows students to design a customized also special road regarding study to best outfit their educational also trained objectives. Generally, this degree is sponsored via of|by virtue of} two or additional departments within the university. Schools which consult the B.I.S. degree involve the University regarding Manitoba, Pittsburg State University, University regarding South Carolina Upstate, Weber State University, Ferris State University, Arizona State University, University regarding Minnesota, Miami University (Ohio), the University regarding Virginia, the University regarding New Brunswick, also Tallinn University regarding Technology amongst others.
Journalism[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Journalism (B.A.J. or B.Sc.J.) degree is a trained degree awarded to students who have planned the papers at a four-year guaranteed university. Not the total universities, however, grant this degree. In the United States, schools tend to hold out to the B.A. or B.S. accompanied by a significant in the papers instead. The world's oldest academy regarding the papers at the University regarding Missouri offers a B.J. degree, not to exist confused accompanied by the bachelor's degree in jurisprudence at Oxford University. In South Africa, Rhodes University has the oldest academy regarding the papers in Africa also allows students to grip a fourth-year specialisation to raise their B.A. to B.A.J. status, equivalent to a B.A. (Hons).x
Landscape architecture[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Landscape Architecture (B.L.Arch.) degree is awarded to students who absolute the five- (in some countries four-) twelve month period road regarding study in the field.
Liberal arts[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Liberal Arts, Bachelor regarding General Studies, Bachelor regarding Liberal Studies, Bachelor regarding Science in public studies, or Bachelor regarding Applied Studies (B.L.A., B.G.S., B.L.S., B.Sc.G.S., B.A.S.) degree is occasionally awarded to students who significant in the liberal arts, in general, or in interdisciplinary studies. The Bachelor regarding Professional Studies is awarded to students who significant in trained occupation studies.
Library science[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Library Science or Bachelor regarding Library also Information Science (B.L.Sc., B.L.I.Sc.) degree is sometimes awarded to students who significant in library science, even if Master's regarding library branch regarding knowledge degrees are additional common.
Music[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Music (B.Mus.) degree is a trained or university undergraduate degree in music at the majority conservatories in the US also the UK. It is and commonly awarded at schools regarding music in large private or public universities. Areas regarding study typically involve music performance, music education, music therapy, music composition, university fields (music history/musicology, music theory, ethnomusicology), also may involve jazz, commercial music, recording technology, sacred music/music ministry, or music business. Small open-minded arts colleges also universities requiring schools regarding music often give single B.A. in music, accompanied by opposed sets regarding requirements. (see also: BFA)
Nonprofit studies[edit]
A Bachelor regarding Nonprofit also Nongovernmental Organization Studies is a multidisciplinary field that focuses summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} practices regarding the nonprofit sector. This area regarding investigation examines the rule also effectiveness regarding the nonprofit sector, also has sub-areas regarding study containing administration, marketing, communication, economics, human resources, philanthropy, ethics, law, information technology, social entrepreneurship, grant writing, policy, fundraising, advocacy, volunteerism also civic engagement.
A variety regarding higher training institutions also study organizations are devoted to the teaching also study regarding issues joint to the nonprofit sector. Additionally, individual courses within joint disciplines (e.g. Business, Sociology, Public Policy) examine nonprofit studies in a variety regarding contexts.
Nonprofit studies may and deliver to studies regarding the voluntary sector, third sector, nongovernmental organizations, or civil society.
Mortuary science[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Mortuary Science (B.M.S.) is a trained undergraduate degree, awarded via of|by virtue of} the Cincinnati College regarding Mortuary Science regarding Cincinnati, Ohio also Southern Illinois University Carbondale. It was introduced in 1986 also it is awarded to students that absolute 120 semester hours regarding road do business also receive passing scores summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the National Board Exam administered via of|by virtue of} The International Conference regarding Funeral Service Examining Boards.[62]
Philosophy[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Philosophy (B.Phil. or Ph.B.) degree is either an undergraduate or pass degree. Generally, it entails independent study or a thesis/capstone project.
Psychology[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Arts or Science in Psychology (B.A.Psy., B.Sc.Psy., B.Psych., or Psy.B.) degree is a degree awarded to students who have completed a road regarding study in the field regarding psychology. Courses typically previous five years, but may previous just as that} expanded just as that} six. In Nepal, there are three- also four-year courses ready intended the needs of|on behalf of} higher-level students. See Psychologist#Licensing also regulation, Training also licensing regarding clinical psychologists.
Education[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Education degree (B.Ed.) is a four-year undergraduate trained degree offered via of|by virtue of} numerous American colleges also universities intended the needs of|on behalf of} those preparing to exist allowed just as that} teachers. Variants involve the B.Ed., B.A.Ed, B.A.T. (Bachelor regarding Arts intended the needs of|on behalf of} Teaching), also B.S.T. degrees. Preparation intended the needs of|on behalf of} the M.S. in education, this degree is the majority often received via of|by virtue of} those into in in advance childhood, elementary level, also exceptional education, or via of|by virtue of} those working out to exist academy administrators. Secondary degree teachers often significant in their subject area in preference (i.e., history, chemistry, or mathematics), accompanied by a smaller in education. Some states depend upon elementary teachers to pick a subject significant just as that} well, also smaller in education.
In Canada, the bachelor regarding training is a two-year trained degree in which students aim specialise in either elementary or minor education, also that is pleased at the following the end regarding a three or well twelve month period bachelor's degree accompanied by a significant in a teachable subject, such just as that} English, French, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, or a social science. Some universities and hold out to concurrent, five twelve month period programs accompanied by student completing both a bachelor's degree in arts or science just as that} well just as that} their B.Ed. The possession regarding a B.Ed. also a following bachelor's degree is required to school in the majority public anglophone also francophone schools in Canada. The B.Ed. prepares teachers intended the needs of|on behalf of} end regarding either M.A. (master's regarding arts) programs in education, M.Ed. (masters regarding education) programs, or post pass certificates in education.
Science accompanied by education[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Science and/with Education degree (B.Sc.Ed.) is a degree awarded to students who absolute the four- to five-year road regarding study in the field regarding discipline (major also smaller in General Biology, Chemistry, Physics, also Mathematics) also education. Although notionally B.Sc. also B.Ed. are two degrees, they essential exist pleased together. The graduates aim do business just as that} area regarding study (physics, chemistry, biology) teachers in soaring schools, just as that} lecturers in pre university colleges also matriculation centers also can progress to postgraduate programs (M.Sc. also Ph.D.) in miscellaneous areas in branch regarding knowledge or education.
Forestry[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Science in Forestry (B.Sc.F.) is a degree awarded to students who absolute the four-year road regarding study in the field regarding forestry.
Science[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Science degrees (B.Sc., Sc.B.) along accompanied by the Bachelor regarding Arts degrees are the the majority common undergraduate degrees given. The Bachelor regarding Applied Arts also Sciences (B.A.A.Sc.) is an undergraduate degree that bridges university also work-life experiences.
Science in law[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Science in Law degree (B.Sc.L.) is a special-purpose degree that allows somebody who has had some prior studies but has not achieved a bachelor's degree to resume his or her training also grip up the study regarding constitution accompanied by the goal regarding eventually receiving the juris doctor degree.
[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Social Science (B.S.Sc.) is a three- or four-year undergraduate British degree that enables students to specialize in the area regarding social science. Compared to the Bachelor regarding Arts, which allows students to study a enormous range regarding disciplines, the Bachelor regarding Social Science enables students to develop additional central also detailed intelligence regarding the social sciences. Many universities place the Bachelor regarding Social Science amidst the Bachelor regarding Arts also Bachelor regarding Science undergraduate degrees.
[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Social Work (B.S.W.) degree is a four-year undergraduate degree. Usually the opening two years consist regarding open-minded arts courses also the previous two years centre summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} social do business classes in mortal development, policy/law, research, also practice. Programs guaranteed via of|by virtue of} the Council summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} Social Work Education depend upon B.S.W. students to absolute a minimum regarding 400 field training or internship hours. Accredited B.S.W. programs often allow students who are into in obtaining a Master regarding Social Work degree to absolute the degree in a shorter amount regarding term or waive courses. In Latin America this is a well to five twelve month period degree that can replace open-minded arts subjects into state sciences, resulting in social do business just as that} a sort regarding community science of mind also socioeconomic studies, focused in hospitals, prisons or pedagogy, among others.
Technology[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Technology degree (B.Tech) is a three- or four-year undergraduate degree. Generally, the program is equal to a Bachelor regarding Science degree program, which is additionally supplemented via of|by virtue of} either occupational placements (supervised efficient or internships) or practice-based classroom courses.
Law[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Laws (LL.B.) is the principal university degree in constitution in the majority common law countries new than the United States, also anglophone Canada, where it has been superseded via of|by virtue of} the juris doctor (J.D.) degree.
Talmudic law[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Talmudic Law degree (B.T.L.) or a First Talmudic Degree (F.T.D.) is the degree awarded in the majority Yeshivas around the United States.
Tourism studies[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Tourism Studies (B.T.S.) degree is awarded to those who absolute the four- or five-year road regarding study in tourism, laws regarding tourism, working out also development, marketing, economics, sociology, anthropology, arts also world history (dependent summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} the state in which one takes the course), ticketing, hospitality, computer applications, also much more. The road would have an interdisciplinary approach accompanied by a enormous range regarding units so the tourismologist trained would exist experienced to identify called for actions toward a sustainable touristic environment centre summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} provincial community uniqueness, values also traditions. As tourism is a growing industry, in India there is a lot regarding opening intended the needs of|on behalf of} those who absolute this road regarding study. It is ready in select universities regarding India.
Mathematics[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Mathematics or Bachelor regarding Mathematical Sciences degree (B.Math. also B.Math.Sc.) is given at the conclusion regarding a four-year honors program or a three-year public program. Several universities, chiefly in Canada also Australia, give such degrees. The usual degree intended the needs of|on behalf of} mathematics in the total new countries is the B.Sc.
Urban also regional planning[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Urban also Regional Planning or Bachelor regarding Urban Planning or just Bachelor regarding Planning degree (B.U.R.P., B.U.P., or B.Plan) is a degree offered at some institutions just as that} a well or five-year[63] trained undergraduate degree in urban planning. Programs vary in their centre summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} studio do business also may or may not involve trained practice.
Public affairs also policy management[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Public Affairs also Policy Management degree (B.P.A.P.Mgt.) is a detailed four-year honors degree devoted to the study regarding public policy within an interdisciplinary framework. The degree was created just as that} a direct reaction to the changing nature regarding borough society also the growing need intended the needs of|on behalf of} university graduates who can do business effectively in the modern policy environment.
Innovation[edit]
The Bachelor regarding Innovation is a four-year degree in a range regarding opposed fields.[64][65] The significant fields, in engineering business, arts, branch regarding knowledge or education, are corresponding to their associated B.A. or B.Sc. degrees. The public training elements are restructured to provide a common essence regarding innovation, entrepreneurship also team skills.[66] The degree was created just as that} a direct reaction to the increasing pace regarding revolution in today's society also the need intended the needs of|on behalf of} graduates that understanding active teaming, just as that} well just as that} the revolution process.
See also[edit]
- Graduate school
- Honours degree
- Licensure
- List regarding admission tests to colleges also universities
- Master's degree
- Validation regarding overseas studies also degrees
References[edit]
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- ^ (in French) L'enseignement Superieur au Maroc Archived 15 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, p. 11
- ^ Nigerian Universities Commission "Archived copy". Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-05.CS1 maint: Archived copy just as that} label (link).
- ^ National Youth Service Corps http://www.nysc.gov.ng/
- ^ http://www.utunis.rnu.tn/tbs/ungrad_curric.html
- ^ "History". Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 7 July 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Wanyama, Henry (9 March 2012). "Kenya: State to Upgrade Nine Colleges, Says Kamar" – by way of of} AllAfrica.
- ^ "Ranking Web regarding World universities: Top Oceania". Webometrics.info. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
- ^ Note the Australian degree is "bachelor", not "bachelor's" in authorized documents
- ^ a b "Australian Qualifications Framework" (PDF). January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 10 September 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
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- ^ "Bachelor regarding Science (Honours), Courses also Programs". The University regarding Queensland, Australia. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Note the Australian degree is a "masters", not a "master's" in authorized documents
- ^ "Australia Country Education Profiles" (PDF). Australian Government Department regarding Education also Training. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-76028-290-5. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ "European Union". New Zealand Qualifications Authority. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
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- ^ Panacci, Adam G. (2014). "Baccalaureate Degrees at Ontario Colleges: Issues also Implications". The College Quarterly. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
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- ^ Assessoria de Comunicação Social. "Diploma dos tecnólogos vale para concurso e pós-graduação". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
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- ^ "Education System: Belgium" (PDF). EP-Nuffic. January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ "Degrees also studies". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ https://www.stepstone.dk/om-jobsoegning/karrierecenter/viden-om/udvikling/kandidatgraden-goer-dig-relevant-i-arbejdsmarkedets-oejne?lang=da
- ^ "Greece EQF Referencing Report" (PDF). European Commission. November 2016. p. 31–34. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Hellenic Qualifications Framework (HQF) Levels". EOPPEP Organization.(in Greek)(in English)
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- ^ Citizens' questions. Dutch Department regarding Education, Culture also Science.
- ^ What intended the needs of|on behalf of} label may I bear at the subsequent to completing a promotion? Postbus 51.
- ^ Note: the English prefix 'Mr.' corresponds to the Dutch prefix 'mr.', meaning a 'meester in de rechten', i.e., a Master regarding Law, or the English equivalent LL.M.
- ^ "Intercalated Degrees". School regarding Medicine, Dentistry also Nursing. University regarding Glasgow. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "Intercalated Degree regarding Medical Science". The Medical School. University regarding Sheffield. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "The UK Database regarding Intercalated Medical, Dental also Veterinary Courses". intercalate.co.uk. Hull York Medical School. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "University awards framework" (PDF). University regarding Oxford. 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Undergraduate". Cambridge Theological Federation. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "The Faculty regarding Law". University regarding Cambridge. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Regulations intended the needs of|on behalf of} Degrees, Diplomas, also Certificates". Statutes also Regulations. University regarding Oxford. 16 September 2015. Conversion regarding BLitt, BPhil, also BSc to MLitt, MPhil, also MSc. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Two-year Honours Degrees Offered: The 'fast-track' Degrees Will Be Piloted at Five Universities". BBC News, 18 April 2006, accessed 8 October 2007: "Students in England can carry out honours degrees in two years, underneath modern 'fast track' plans to save term also money."
- ^ "Bachelor's + Master's in Just Three Years". University regarding Buckingham. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ Cook, Chris (23 June 2011). "UCL place to abandon getting on degree classifications. Other British universities to accompany outfit also choose US-style grading". Financial Times.
- ^ "Higher training recognition order intended the needs of|on behalf of} England: guidance summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} university recognition arrangements in higher training in England". Quality Assurance Agency. August 2008. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 17 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
- ^ "Compare opposed qualifications". Gov.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
- ^ a b c "Employer's guide to scottish higher education" (PDF). AGCAS Scotland. April 2008. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 12 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ Green, Chris (23 July 2008). "Studying in Scotland: Our friends in the north". Independent.
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- ^ "Standard Terminology: Glossary regarding Terms intended the needs of|on behalf of} Taught Degrees". University regarding Glasgow. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "Assessment also Award regarding Credit". University regarding Stirling. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "Dundee – Scottish University". Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- ^ "The Scottish Credit also Qualifications Framework". Scottish Credit also Qualifications Framework. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 16 June 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "The Frameworks intended the needs of|on behalf of} Higher Education Qualifications regarding UK Degree-Awarding Bodies". Quality Assurance Agency. November 2014. p. 17. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 13 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
- ^ "Design also Industry, San Francisco State University". Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 28 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "List regarding Majors: Office regarding the University Registrar: University regarding Delaware". Udel.edu. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 29 May 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
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- ^ a b c "The Frameworks intended the needs of|on behalf of} Higher Education Qualifications regarding UK Degree-Awarding Bodies" (PDF). Quality Assurance Agency. November 2014. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
First degrees in medicine, dentistry also veterinary branch regarding knowledge be composed of an united programme regarding study also trained system spanning several levels. While the last outcomes regarding the qualifications themselves typically encounter the expectations regarding the descriptor intended the needs of|on behalf of} a higher training qualification at degree 7/level 11, these qualifications may often retain, intended the needs of|on behalf of} real reasons, titles regarding Bachelor regarding Medicine/Bachelor regarding Surgery, Bachelor regarding Dental Surgery, Bachelor regarding Veterinary Medicine, or Bachelor regarding Veterinary Science also are abbreviated to MBChB or BM BS, BDS, BVetMed, also BVSc, respectively.
- ^ "Medicine". Debrett's. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
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- ^ "Medical Training in the UK". British Medical Association. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Individuals in F1 posts receive a salary also are allowed to employ the good manners label 'Dr'.
- ^ "Bachelor". Ccms.edu. Archived from the original summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} 13 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ "Bachelor regarding Urban Planning". College regarding Design, Architecture, Art also Planning, University regarding Cincinnati. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
- ^ Boult, T. E., Chamillard, A. T., Lewis, R., Polok, N., Stock, G., & Wortman, D. (2009). Innovations in University Education in Innovation: Moving Beyond the B.Sc. International Journal regarding Innovation Science, 1(4), 167–178.
- ^ Wits, W. W., Bakker, H. M., & Chechurin, L. S. (2012). Towards multidisciplinary support tools intended the needs of|on behalf of} revolution tasks. Procedia CIRP, 2, 16–21
- ^ "What is the BI?". Retrieved 29 June 2015.
External links[edit]
- College.gov, US Department regarding Education
- "Education also Learning: Bachelor's Degrees: Qualifications Explained" UK Government site listing qualifications intended the needs of|on behalf of} bachelor's degrees in the UK
- "Meaning regarding the Baccalaureate", National Forum summit of|supported by|resting on|in contact with} College Level Learning (US) Statistical Pilot Study regarding the Baccalaureate (2004)
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